Ireland - Wikipedia. Ireland. Location of Ireland (dark green)in Europe (green & dark grey)Geography. Location. Western Europe. Coordinates. 53. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second- largest island of the British Isles, the third- largest in Europe, and the twentieth- largest on Earth. In 2. 01. 1 the population of Ireland was about 6. Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4. 6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just over 1. Northern Ireland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable climate which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2. 01. 3, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 1. European average of 3. However, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe.
Ireland is called the Emerald Isle for good reason, as it's covered by lush green grasses that are fed by its mild climate. Emerald Isle is the poetic name for Ireland due to its green countryside, first referred to in print by William Drennan in his poem 'When Erin first rose'. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant. The earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 1. BC. The island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 1. England claimed sovereignty over Ireland. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 1. In the 1. 69. 0s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, and was extended during the 1. With the Acts of Union in 1. This Sunday became known as Bloody Sunday and bloody it was. It was quite unnecessary. It strikes me that the Army ran amok that day and shot without thinking what. Ireland is a small, independent country located in northwestern Europe. The country’s official name is the Republic of Ireland. Dublin is the capital and. Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. A war of independence in the early 2. Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades, and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1. This subsided following a political agreement in 1. In 1. 97. 3 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, and Northern Ireland, as part of it, did the same. Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, a strong indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music, and the Irish language. The culture of the island also shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing, and golf. Name. Ireland consists of Old Irish. Eriu + English land. Eriu derives from Proto- Celtic*Iveriu (compare Welsh. Iwerddon), which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning . Sea levels were lower and Ireland, like Great Britain, formed part of continental Europe. By 1. 2,0. 00 BC, rising sea levels due to ice melting caused Ireland to become separated from Great Britain. Later, around 5. 60. BC, Great Britain itself became separated from continental Europe. A more advanced agriculture was to develop at the C. An extensive field system, arguably the oldest in the world. The fields were farmed for several centuries between 3. BC and 3. 00. 0 BC. Wheat and barley were the principal crops, imported from the Iberian Peninsula. The Bronze Age . Koch and others, Ireland in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading- network culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that also included Britain, western France and Iberia, and that this is where Celtic languages developed. How and when the island of Ireland became Celtic has been debated for close to a century, with the migrations of the Celts being one of the more enduring themes of archaeological and linguistic studies. Today, there is more than one school of thought on how this occurred in Ireland. This theory draws on the Lebor Gab. The theory holds that there were four separate Celtic invasions of Ireland. The Priteni were said to be the first, followed by the Belgae from northern Gaul and Britain. Later, Laighin tribes from Armorica (present- day Brittany) were said to have invaded Ireland and Britain more or less simultaneously. Lastly, the Milesians (Gaels) were said to have reached Ireland from either northern Iberia or southern Gaul. They were said to have given their name to the island. This theory proposes that the Celticisation of Ireland may have been the culmination of a long process of social and economic interaction between Ireland, Britain and adjacent parts of Continental Europe. Some proponents of this theory hold that it is likely that there was migration of smaller groups of Celts to Ireland, with sufficiently regular traffic to constitute a . When taking both into account a recent study drew the conclusion that modern Celtic speakers in Ireland could be thought of as European . Ptolemy in his Almagest refers to Ireland as Mikra Brettania (Little Britain), in contrast to the larger island, which he called Megale Brettania (Great Britain). The earlier names, in contrast, were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made. However, a number of finds of Roman coins have been made, for example at the Iron Age settlement of Freestone Hill near Gowran and Newgrange. Medieval Irish literature portrays an almost unbroken sequence of High Kings stretching back thousands of years but modern historians believe the scheme was constructed in the 8th century to justify the status of powerful political groupings by projecting the origins of their rule into the remote past. All of these kingdoms had their own kings but were at least nominally subject to the High King. The High King was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal kingdom of Meath, with a ceremonial capital at the Hill of Tara. The concept only became a political reality in the Viking Age and even then was not a consistent one. There is continued debate over the missions of Palladius and Patrick but the consensus is that they both took place. In the monastic culture that followed the Christianisation of Ireland, Latin and Greek learning was preserved in Ireland during the Early Middle Ages in contrast to elsewhere in Europe, where the Dark Ages followed the decline of the Roman Empire. A mission founded in 5. Iona by the Irish monk Saint Columba began a tradition of Irish missionary work that spread Celtic Christianity and learning to Scotland, England and the Frankish Empire on Continental Europe after the fall of Rome. The Vikings also were involved in establishing most of the major coastal settlements in Ireland: Dublin, Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Waterford, and also Carlingford, Strangford, Annagassan, Arklow, Youghal, Lough Foyle and Lough Ree. It was led by Richard de Clare, called Strongbow due to his prowess as an archer. In 1. 17. 1, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition. He wanted to re- exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control. Henry successfully re- imposed his authority over Strongbow and the Cambro- Norman warlords and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord, an arrangement confirmed in the 1. Treaty of Windsor. The invasion was legitimised by the provisions of the Papal Bull. Laudabiliter, issued by Adrian IV in 1. The bull encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the Irish Church and its integration into the Roman Church system. Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution. This church levy, called Peter's Pence, is extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation. In turn, Henry accepted the title of Lord of Ireland which Henry conferred on his younger son, John Lackland, in 1. This defined the Irish state as the Lordship of Ireland. Norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of baronies, manors, towns and the seeds of the modern county system. A version of the Magna Carta (the Great Charter of Ireland), substituting Dublin for London and Irish Church for Church of England, was published in 1. Parliament of Ireland was founded in 1. From the mid- 1. 4th century, after the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. The Norman rulers and the Gaelic Irish elites intermarried and the areas under Norman rule became Gaelicised. In some parts, a hybrid Hiberno- Norman culture emerged. In response, the Irish parliament passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1. These were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the Normans into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English, follow English customs and abide by English law. English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as The Pale, and under the provisions of Poynings' Law of 1. Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the English Parliament. English rule of law was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 1. Tudor conquest of Ireland. A near complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the 1. Nine Years' War and the Flight of the Earls. This control was further consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 1. English and Scottish colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Williamite War. Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (which, in Ireland, included the Irish Confederacy and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland) are estimated to include 2. Some historians estimate that as much as half of the pre- war population of Ireland may have died as a result of the conflict. Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament. After the passing of the Test Act 1. William and Mary over the Jacobites, Roman Catholics and nonconforming Protestant Dissenters were barred from sitting as members in the Irish Parliament. Under the emerging Penal Laws, Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various and sundry civil rights even to the ownership of hereditary property. Additional regressive punitive legislation followed 1.
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